The concept of modernization incorporates the full spectrum of the transition and drastic transformation that a traditional society has to undergo in order to become modern hussain et al. Both modernisation and dependency theory make the mistake of treating ldcs least developed countries as homogeneous i. Modernization theory claimed that once developing societies came into contact with western european and north american societies, they would be impelled toward modernization and, eventually, would achieve the economic, political, and social features characteristic of the nations of western europe and the united states. In this context, in the late 1940s, modernisation theory was developed. For example, modernisation theory sees ldcs as backward societies that need our help to develop, whilst dependency theory sees us as exploiting them for cheap labour and raw materials. Modernization, modernization theory and its criticism. To put it more precisely, modernization and dependency theory stand on the ground that western countries are the world leaders due to their higher level of development, which affects practically all spheres of life, including economic, political, social, and even cultural life leys, 210. Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former. He aspires the idea of effective use of modern media and communication tools will propagate the development, modernization and western. Modernization theory vs dependency theory while many theorists have numerous explanations towards underdevelopment, experts like david brooks and peter hallward have described the natural disaster in haiti to be brutally destructive primarily due to its poverty. Modernization theory emphasized internal factors while making an exception of science.
Modernization and dependency theory a clear and advanced look at the two theories leaves one with the assumption that they are related and therefore they can be discussed together. Collectively, these theories contrast modernization. The marxist theory of imperialism explains dominant state expansion while the dependency theory explains underdevelopment. The development of countries is vulnerable to the impact of multiple factors. Developmentalism became a global ideology of the capitalist worldeconomy. For example, ethiopia and somalia may be neighbouring ldcs but their cultures are quite. Modernizationtheoryanddependencytheory modernization. Dependency theory highlights that due to colonial and postcolonial endeavors the countries at the periphery are constantly exploited by those at the core. Nowadays the rapid development of the word and the growing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories which attempt to explain the relationship between countries and the existing inequality between developed countries and countries of the third world. Critics of dependency theory social science theories. The proponents of modernization theory claimed that underdeveloped countries were. Dependency theory, modernization theory, the communication initiative dependency theory.
A remedy for dependency theory or foreign dependency would likely require global coordination and agreement. Dependency theory itself believes that the only way out of underdevelopment is socialism, however a structuralist argument, closely linked with the ideologies of dependency theory believes that with the eastern worlds social collapse, this will not provide an alternative to underdevelopment, therefore reforming a capitalist system was believed to help development within countries once hindered. Two methodological similarities may be noted at the outset. In this respect, it is possible to refer to modernization theory and dependency. In modernization theory, the theorist wilbur schranmm praises the mass media as bridge to a wider world transferring new ideas and models from north to south, and within the south, from urban to rural. An outline and critique of competing theories by dieter nohlen, heidelberg.
Difference between modernization theory and dependency theory. What is the difference between modernization theory and. Difference between modernization theory and dependency. Pdf compare and contrast modernization and dependency. Modernization theory is a description and explanation of the processes of transformation from traditional or underdeveloped societies to modern societies. Modernization theory an overview sciencedirect topics. The dependency theory claims that this is how underdevelopment was created and is. Modernisation theory development and underdevelopment. The focus of this theory is the totality of society and social system periphery, which highlights the. However, it is necessary to underline that modernization theory views such cooperation and integration as a conscious and voluntary act from the part of developing countries, for which modernization in the western style is the only way to overcome the existing backwardness, while supporters of dependency theory argue that such cooperation and. The conclusion is that both theories have failed to help develop africa. To put it more precisely, the modernization theory holds the premise that countries have different level of development but less developed countries can improve their position through modernization. Modernization theory not only stresses the process of change but also the responses to that change.
Pdf development and modernization theory handout perin. Development theory dependency and world systems theories. But dependency theory, then in contrast, comes along about the same time. Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and freemarket ideologies, worldsystems theorists, globalization theorists and dependency theorists among others. Conversations on dependency theory institute for new economic. In such a way, the dependency theory is externallyoriented, whereas the modernization theory is internallyoriented. In short, dependency theory attempts to explain the present underdeveloped state of many nations in the world by examining the patterns of interactions among nations and by arguing that inequality among nations is an intrinsic part of those interactions.
Processes of differentiation in the world society and their explanation, universitat zurich, 1. They originated in different areas, with different evaluative judgments, different assumptions, different methodologies, and different explanations. Stated another way, marxist theories explain the reasons why imperialism occurs, while dependency theories explain the consequences of imperialism. Simply stated these theories are simply that, theories, ideas, hopes, and dreams, just as life is ever changing so must or ideas. There are two levels of analysis in classical modernization theory. Modernization theory focuses specifically on a type of modernization thought to. Modernization theory oxford research encyclopedia of.
Modernization theory vs dependency theory 1227 words 5 pages. Modernization versus dependency in the context of colonial. Dependency theory highlights that due to colonial and postcolonial endeavors the countries at the periphery or else the developing countries are constantly exploited by those at the core developed countries or else wealthy countries. Assuming such a prohibition could be achieved, poor, undeveloped nations would have to be banned from engaging in any sort of incoming economic exchanges with more powerful nations. Dependency theories have provided an alternative approach to looking at unilinear growth models. The frankian model of dependency dependency theory. Its main tenet is that the periphery of the international economy is being economically exploited drained. These theoretical perspectives allow us not only to clarify concepts, to set them in. Modernization theory is a grand theory encompassing many different disciplines as it seeks to explain how society progresses, what variables affect that progress, and how societies can react to that progress. In this regard, it is possible to distinguish the modernization and dependency theories. Relationships with developed countries and particularly with multinational corporations were viewed as. Sep 27, 2015 modernisation theory historical context 1940s and 50s by the end of ww2 it had become clear that despite exposure to capitalism many of the countries of the south had failed to develop.
Developmentalism, modernity, and dependency theory. From view of dependency theory, it attributes rural poverty to the continuous pillage of human and nonhuman resources from the satellite to the metropolis. The endogenous explanation is a modernization theory. Definitions of modernization theory and dependency theory. Modernisation theory had two major aims it attempted to explain why poorer. Modernization consists of a gradual differentiation and specialization of social structures. Page 1 of 11 modernisation and dependency are theories which specify the. Fostercarter argues that this disguises the similarities that exist between ldcs and the west.
A critical analysis in the changing world situation after the post 1945 era, the development of modernization theory in order to modernise the rest of the world in line with american development is interestingly significant in the history of development studies. Modernization, dependency, rural underdevelopment, african renaissance. A critique of modernization and dependency theories in. Modernization and dependency are two sharply different perspectives seeking to explain the same reality. They fail to understand that value systems and institutions tend to be culturespecific. Modernization theory studies the process of social evolution and the development of. It is a central contention of dependency theory that poor states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are integrated into the world system. Apr 12, 2018 modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and freemarket ideologies, worldsystems theorists, globalization theory and dependency theory among others. The difference between modernization theory and dependency theory is that one explains how developed states operate and grow, while the other explains the exact opposite. It combines elements from a neomarxist theory and adopts a revolution of under developed nations model.
Jul 08, 2017 modernization, modernization theory a term and approach that came into widespread use in the early 1960s, as a consequence of the efforts by a group of development specialists in the united states to develop an alternative to the marxist account of social development. These are the principal theoretical explanations to interpret. Comparison of dependency theory with modernization theory. At a finer level are the microcosmic evaluations of modernization that focus on the componential elements of social modernization such as urbanization, gender and income inequality, skills acquisition and education, the role of political communication. The dependency theory is an important tool for understanding latin americas relative underdevelopment. Because, these refinements to the modernization and dependency theory have given a promise of new approaches to the issues of development.
Aug 31, 2015 modernization theory and dependency theory are two development theories between which some difference can be identified. The main objective of this document is to synthesize the main aspects of the four major theories of development. Dependency theory and its close relative, world system theory, emphasized the role of external relationships in the developmental process. Modernisation and dependency repub, erasmus university. Beyond latin america chapter iii a theory of underdevelopment in sociology. Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and freemarket ideologies, worldsystems theorists, globalization theory and dependency theory among others. These are the principal theoretical explanations to interpret development efforts carried out especially in the developing countries. When it comes to a solution to the problem, it is right to say that the contexts of countries are different and the solutions for their economic and development problems should be different. Contributions to classical modernization theory can usefully be studied as belonging to two levels of analysis. The discourse pins hope on the african renaissance theory of development. If they just apply the laws of modernization, the tenets of modernization, they will take off in the economic society. Developmentalism, modernity, and dependency theory in latin. Dependency theory originates with two papers published in 1949 one by hans singer, one by raul prebisch in which the authors observe that the terms of trade for underdeveloped countries relative to the developed countries had deteriorated over time. The discourse assesses the influence of modernization and dependency theories on africas development.
Modernization theory stresses not only the process of change but also the responses to that change. This is attributed to the fact that they both argue from the same point of development and that development of a nation can only be reached at by ensuring the. Dependency theory dependency theory has been presented as a theory of development that improves modernisation theory reyes, 2001a. In modernization theory, development of africa is as a responsibility of the metropolitan states. Dependency theory holds that the condition of underdevelopment is precisely the result of the incorporation of the third world economies into the capitalist world system which is dominated by the west and north america randall and theobald 1998, 120, hence in development studies, dependency implies a situation in which a. However, the way modernization theory suggests for. Like any other theory, the dependency theory has its advantages and limitations. Dependency theory and modernization theory dependency theory is a mixture of various theories, including world systems theory, historical structure theory, and neomarxist theory. Society for comparative studies in society and history. A critique of modernization and dependency theories in africa. Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of modernization that a nation goes through as it transitions from a traditional society to a modern one. Modernization and dependency theory tutorial sophia learning.
Modernization or dependency 72 95 modernization theory and underdevelopment dependency theory and underdevelopment dependency in a specific historical context. Sep 29, 2019 still others critique modernization theory for failing to account for the unsustainable nature of the project, in an environmental sense, and point out that premodern, traditional, and indigenous cultures typically had much more environmentally conscious and symbiotic relationships between people and the planet. Dependency theory is in large part a theory of development in the third world, it seek to provide explanations for third world development and explanations that the modernisation theory failed to give. Modernization theory explains the progress and development of technology in more stable regions of the world. Chapter iii a theory of underdevelopment in sociology. In the words of one of the major proponents, historically, modernization is the process of change towards those types of social, economic, and political systems that have developed in.
Aug 23, 2008 the most important differences between the modernization theory and the dependency theory, we must first understand what these theories mean. Modernization and dependency theory 1563 words 7 pages. The basic assumption of this theory, in any of its versions, is that there is one general end page 157 process of which democratization is but the final stage. Modernization and dependency theory essay example graduateway. The modernization the movement of the 1950s and 1960s is an economic theory that is rooted in capitalism. Dependency theory survived the modernisation school fightback and the. Modernization theories backwardness theories according to modernization theories, internal factors in the countries, such as illiteracy, traditional agrarian structure, the traditional attitude of the population, the low division of labour, the lack of communication and infrastructure, etc. Dependency theory grew influential in latin america in the 1960s and 1970s, largely in reaction to modernisation theory and free trade policies, which originated in the west.
Many scholars, often people of color and those from nonwestern nations, pointed out over the years that modernization theory fails to account for the way western reliance on colonization, slave labor, and theft of land and resources provided the wealth and material resources necessary for the pace and scale of development in the west see postcolonial theory for extensive discussions of this. They have critically evaluated the continued unequal relationships between countries, which have their history partly in colonialism and imperialism. Modernization and dependency theory nowadays the rapid development of the word and the growing integration of countries can hardly fail to affect the development of new theories which attempt to explain the relationship between countries and the existing inequality between developed countries and countries of the third world. Modernization theory and dependency theory are two development theories between which some difference can be identified. Modernization theory both attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. Modernization versus dependency in the context of colonial bengal.
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